How did geography influence the development of ancient Greece?

The correct choice highlights how the rugged terrain and mountains of Greece significantly contributed to its political and social organization. Ancient Greece was characterized by numerous mountainous regions that divided the land into isolated valleys and islands. This geographic fragmentation fostered the development of small, independent city-states, known as polis. Each city-state operated like a distinct entity, with its own government, laws, and customs, which led to a rich tapestry of diverse cultures and political systems within a relatively small area.

Additionally, the proximity to the sea encouraged trade and interaction between these city-states, making them reliant on maritime connections. While they were independent, this maritime trade also resulted in cultural exchanges and influences from other civilizations, rather than isolation. This pattern of small, self-governing entities is a defining feature of ancient Greek civilization and contrasts with larger, centralized empires seen in other regions where geographical conditions supported extensive agricultural development and centralized governance.