How did the Roman Republic differ from the Roman Empire?

The Roman Republic is characterized by a system of governance that included elected officials and a structured framework of checks and balances. This political system, established around 509 BCE, allowed Rome to maintain a degree of political participation among its citizens, particularly through various elected positions such as consuls, senators, and tribunes. The presence of checks and balances was essential to limit the power of any single individual or governing body, thereby preventing tyranny.

In contrast, the Roman Empire, which began in 27 BCE, transitioned to a more autocratic and centralized form of governance where the emperor held substantial authority, often overriding the earlier republican institutions. The focus shifted from elected representation to imperial decree, which significantly altered the dynamics of Roman governance.

Understanding this distinction highlights the evolution of Roman political structures over time, illustrating the shift from a more democratic system with civic participation to a centralized authority under the empire. This context emphasizes the significance of elected officials and structured governance during the Republic period.