In which civilization was the concept of democracy first developed?

The development of democracy is most closely associated with Ancient Greece, particularly the city-state of Athens, during the 5th century BCE. This period marked a significant evolution in governance where citizens had the opportunity to participate directly in decision-making processes, a hallmark of democratic systems.

In Athens, all male citizens had the right to attend the Assembly, where they could speak and vote on important matters such as laws and public policy. This inclusivity and emphasis on civic participation distinguished Athenian democracy from other forms of government present in the ancient world. The concept was revolutionary, allowing for a new sense of civic identity and responsibility among citizens.

While Ancient Rome also made substantial contributions to the concept of republican governance, with an emphasis on elected representatives and a complex legal system, it did not embody democracy in the same direct manner as seen in Athens. Other suggested civilizations, such as Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia, had their systems of governance but lacked the democratic principles that characterized Greek civilization, such as citizens’ active participation in government decisions. Thus, Ancient Greece stands out as the birthplace of democracy.