Which ancient civilization is known for the creation of a sophisticated calendar system?

The Maya civilization is particularly renowned for its advanced calendar system. They developed multiple calendars, including the Tzolk'in, a 260-day ritual calendar, and the Haab', a 365-day solar calendar. This sophisticated system was integral to their agricultural practices, religious rituals, and social organization. The Maya used their calendars not just for timekeeping but also to align their activities with celestial events, showcasing their deep understanding of astronomy.

In contrast, while the Greek and Chinese civilizations also had notable contributions to timekeeping and calendars, they did not achieve the same level of complexity or precision as the Maya. The Phoenicians primarily focused on trade and maritime activities, and their contributions to calendars were less advanced compared to those of the Maya. Therefore, the Maya's unique and intricate calendar systems set them apart as the civilization most recognized for this achievement.