Which philosophy emphasized law and order as central to governance?

The emphasis on law and order as central to governance is distinctly characteristic of Legalism. In ancient China, Legalism emerged as a political philosophy that advocated for strict adherence to laws and rules as a means of maintaining control and order within society. Legalists believed that human nature is inherently selfish and that robust systems of laws and strict enforcement were necessary to keep individuals in check and to promote the stability of the state.

Legalism's focus on the importance of law extended to the belief that rewards and punishments should be clearly defined, thereby creating a predictable environment where individuals would act in accordance with the state's interests. This philosophy notably influenced the Qin Dynasty, which implemented the principles of Legalism to unify and govern its territories.

In contrast, Confucianism emphasizes moral values and the importance of virtuous leaders, rather than strict laws. Daoism promotes harmony with nature and individual spontaneity over rigid governance. Buddhism focuses more on moral conduct and personal enlightenment than on societal governance structures. Therefore, Legalism stands out as the philosophy that most directly champions law and order in governance contexts.