Who was Confucius and what were his main teachings?

Confucius was a Chinese philosopher who lived during the Spring and Autumn period of Chinese history, specifically from 551 to 479 BCE. His main teachings focused on ethics, moral integrity, and the importance of social harmony in personal and governmental relationships. Confucius emphasized the cultivation of virtue and the importance of moral education, advocating for the idea that a well-ordered society hinges on the ethical behavior of individuals within it.

He believed in the values of filial piety, respect for one’s elders, and the significance of proper conduct in interpersonal relationships, which are encapsulated in his teachings about the Five Relationships — ruler to subject, father to son, husband to wife, elder brother to younger brother, and friend to friend. This framework aimed to promote social harmony and a stable society through moral governance rather than coercive laws.

The other options do not accurately represent Confucius's focus and contributions. For example, focusing on military power, democracy, or political reforms does not align with his teachings, which fundamentally revolved around ethical behavior and harmony in society rather than governance through force or political systems.